Drone and Flare Technology for Efficient and Sustainable Weather Modification Operations in Indonesia

Abstract

This review examines drone and flare technologies as an alternative to manned aircraft for weather modification operations in Indonesia. Until now, weather modification operations have generally used aircraft as the primary means of cloud seeding. However, this method has limitations, including high operational costs, limited flight hours, low visual precision, and high human risk. These conditions have prompted the need for more efficient and flexible alternative technologies. This study aims to examine the potential of using drones equipped with flares as an effective solution to support modern weather modification operations. The study employs a qualitative methodology that combines a systematic literature review, technical specification analysis of certified UAV platforms, and comparative cost and operational assessments against conventional manned aircraft. The analysis identifies six certified UAV platforms currently being tested for weather modification in Indonesia — including the PUNA Wulung fixed-wing UAV and its multirotor variants — and evaluates their advantages in lower operational costs (estimated at 5× cheaper per day than manned aircraft), greater operational flexibility, and improved seeding precision. In addition, the use of drones can minimize risks to flight crew safety. However, they have limitations in payload capacity that need to be addressed. Thus, it can be concluded that drone technology has the potential to be an effective and sustainable alternative solution in weather modification operations in Indonesia. The implementation of this technology not only increases efficiency but also strengthens capacity.